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1. Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister OM, FRS , PC (5 April 1827 – 10 February 1912), known as Sir Joseph Lister, Bt., between 1883 and 1897, was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery, who promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. Lister successfully introduced carbolic acid (now known as phenol) to sterilise surgical instruments and to clean wounds, which led to reducing post-operative infections and made surgery safer for patients.
Born : 5 April 1827(1827-04-05)
Upton : Essex
Died : 10 February 1912(1912-02-10) (aged 84)
Walmer, Kent
Nationality : United Kingdom
Fields : Medicine
Institutions : University of Glasgow
University of Edinburgh
University of London
Alma mater : University of London
Known for : Surgical sterile techniques
2. John Bardeen (1908-1991)
John Bardeen (May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer, the only person to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory.
The transistor revolutionized the electronics industry, allowing the Information Age to occur, and made possible the development of almost every modern electronical device, from telephones to computers to missiles. Bardeen's developments in superconductivity, which won him his second Nobel, are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
In 1990, John Bardeen appeared on LIFE Magazine's list of "100 Most Influential Americans of the Century.
Born : May 23, 1908(1908-05-23)
Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Died : January 30, 1991(1991-01-30) (aged 82)
Boston, Massachusetts
Nationality : American
Fields : Physics
Institutions : Bell Labs
University of Minnesota
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Alma mater : University of Wisconsin–Madison
Princeton University
Doctoral advisor : Eugene Wigner
Doctoral students : Nick Holonyak
John Schrieffer
Known for : Transistor
BCS theory
Notable awards : Nobel Prize in Physics (1956)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1972)
IEEE Medal of Honor (1971)
3. Karl Landsteiner
Karl Landsteiner (June 14, 1868 – June 26, 1943), was an Austrian biologist and physician. He is noted for his development in 1901 of the modern system of classification of blood groups from his identification of the presence of agglutinins in the blood, and in 1930 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
With Alexander S. Wiener, he identified the Rh factor in 1937.
Landsteiner and Erwin Popper discovered the polio virus in 1909.
He was awarded a Lasker Award in 1946 posthumously.
Born : June 14, 1868(1868-06-14)
Baden bei Wien, near Vienna (Austria)
Died : June 26, 1943(1943-06-26) (aged 75)
New York City
Residence : United States
Nationality : United States
Fields : Medicine, Virology,
Institutions : University of Vienna
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York
Alma mater : University of Vienna
Known for : development of blood group system discovery of Rh factor
discovery of poliovirus
Notable awards : Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1930)
4. James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish theoretical physicist and mathematician. His most important achievement was formulating classical electromagnetic theory. This united all previously unrelated observations, experiments and equations of electricity, magnetism and even optics into a consistent theory. His set of equations—Maxwell's equations—demonstrated that electricity, magnetism and even light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon, the electromagnetic field. Subsequently, all other classic laws or equations of these disciplines were simplified cases of Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's work in electromagnetism has been called the "second great unification in physics", after the first one carried out by Isaac Newton.
Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space in the form of waves, and at the constant speed of light. Finally, in 1864 Maxwell wrote "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field". Here, he first proposed that light was in fact undulations in the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena. His work in producing a unified model of electromagnetism is one of the greatest advances in physics.
Maxwell also developed the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, a statistical means of describing aspects of the kinetic theory of gases. These two discoveries helped usher in the era of modern physics, laying the foundation for such fields as special relativity and quantum mechanics.
Maxwell is also known for creating the first true colour photograph in 1861 and for his foundational work on the rigidity of rod-and-joint frameworks like those in many bridges.
Maxwell is considered by many physicists to be the 19th-century scientist with the greatest influence on 20th-century physics. His contributions to the science are considered by many to be of the same magnitude as those of Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein. In the end of millennium poll, a survey of the 100 most prominent physicists, Maxwell was voted the third greatest physicist of all time, behind only Newton and Einstein. On the centennial of Maxwell's birthday, Einstein himself described Maxwell's work as the "most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton." Einstein kept a photograph of Maxwell on his study wall, alongside pictures of Michael Faraday and Newton.
Born : 13 June 1831(1831-06-13)
Edinburgh, Scotland
Died : 5 November 1879
(1879-11-05) (aged 48)
Cambridge, England
Citizenship : United Kingdom
Nationality : Scottish
Fields : Physics and mathematics
Institutions : Marischal College, Aberdeen
King's College London
University of Cambridge
Alma mater : University of Edinburgh
University of Cambridge
Academic advisors : William Hopkins
Notable students : George Chrystal
Known for : Maxwell's equations
Maxwell distribution
Maxwell's demon
Maxwell's discs
Maxwell speed distribution
Maxwell's theorem
Maxwell material
Generalized Maxwell model
Displacement current
Notable awards : Smith's Prize (1854)
Adams Prize (1857)
Rumford Medal (1860)
5. Leo Szilard
Leo Szilard (Hungarian: Szilard Leo, February 11, 1898 – May 30, 1964) was a Jewish Hungarian physicist who conceived the nuclear chain reaction in 1933, patented the idea of a nuclear reactor with Enrico Fermi, and in late 1939 wrote the letter for Albert Einstein's signature that resulted in the Manhattan Project that built the atomic bomb.
He was born in Budapest in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and died in La Jolla, California.
Born : February 11, 1898(1898-02-11)
Budapest, Austria-Hungary
Died : May 30, 1964(1964-05-30) (aged 66)
La Jolla, California, U.S.
Residence : Hungary
Germany
United States
Nationality : Hungarian
German
American
Fields : Physicist
Institutions : Technical University of Berlin
Humboldt University of Berlin
Columbia University
University of Chicago
Brandeis University
Salk Institute
Alma mater : Technische Universität Berlin
Humboldt Universität zu Berlin
Doctoral advisor : Max von Laue
Other academic advisors : Albert Einstein
Notable students : Bernard T. Feld
Known for : Nuclear chain reaction
Szilard petition
Einstein–Szilard letter
Cobalt bomb
Absorption refrigerator
Szilard Engine
Influenced : James L. Tuck
Notable awards : Atoms for Peace Award (1959)
Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister OM, FRS , PC (5 April 1827 – 10 February 1912), known as Sir Joseph Lister, Bt., between 1883 and 1897, was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery, who promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary. Lister successfully introduced carbolic acid (now known as phenol) to sterilise surgical instruments and to clean wounds, which led to reducing post-operative infections and made surgery safer for patients.
Born : 5 April 1827(1827-04-05)Upton : Essex
Died : 10 February 1912(1912-02-10) (aged 84)
Walmer, Kent
Nationality : United Kingdom
Fields : Medicine
Institutions : University of Glasgow
University of Edinburgh
University of London
Alma mater : University of London
Known for : Surgical sterile techniques
2. John Bardeen (1908-1991)
John Bardeen (May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer, the only person to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory.
The transistor revolutionized the electronics industry, allowing the Information Age to occur, and made possible the development of almost every modern electronical device, from telephones to computers to missiles. Bardeen's developments in superconductivity, which won him his second Nobel, are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
In 1990, John Bardeen appeared on LIFE Magazine's list of "100 Most Influential Americans of the Century.
Born : May 23, 1908(1908-05-23)Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Died : January 30, 1991(1991-01-30) (aged 82)
Boston, Massachusetts
Nationality : American
Fields : Physics
Institutions : Bell Labs
University of Minnesota
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Alma mater : University of Wisconsin–Madison
Princeton University
Doctoral advisor : Eugene Wigner
Doctoral students : Nick Holonyak
John Schrieffer
Known for : Transistor
BCS theory
Notable awards : Nobel Prize in Physics (1956)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1972)
IEEE Medal of Honor (1971)
3. Karl Landsteiner
Karl Landsteiner (June 14, 1868 – June 26, 1943), was an Austrian biologist and physician. He is noted for his development in 1901 of the modern system of classification of blood groups from his identification of the presence of agglutinins in the blood, and in 1930 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
With Alexander S. Wiener, he identified the Rh factor in 1937.
Landsteiner and Erwin Popper discovered the polio virus in 1909.
He was awarded a Lasker Award in 1946 posthumously.
Born : June 14, 1868(1868-06-14)Baden bei Wien, near Vienna (Austria)
Died : June 26, 1943(1943-06-26) (aged 75)
New York City
Residence : United States
Nationality : United States
Fields : Medicine, Virology,
Institutions : University of Vienna
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York
Alma mater : University of Vienna
Known for : development of blood group system discovery of Rh factor
discovery of poliovirus
Notable awards : Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1930)
4. James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish theoretical physicist and mathematician. His most important achievement was formulating classical electromagnetic theory. This united all previously unrelated observations, experiments and equations of electricity, magnetism and even optics into a consistent theory. His set of equations—Maxwell's equations—demonstrated that electricity, magnetism and even light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon, the electromagnetic field. Subsequently, all other classic laws or equations of these disciplines were simplified cases of Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's work in electromagnetism has been called the "second great unification in physics", after the first one carried out by Isaac Newton.
Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space in the form of waves, and at the constant speed of light. Finally, in 1864 Maxwell wrote "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field". Here, he first proposed that light was in fact undulations in the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena. His work in producing a unified model of electromagnetism is one of the greatest advances in physics.
Maxwell also developed the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, a statistical means of describing aspects of the kinetic theory of gases. These two discoveries helped usher in the era of modern physics, laying the foundation for such fields as special relativity and quantum mechanics.
Maxwell is also known for creating the first true colour photograph in 1861 and for his foundational work on the rigidity of rod-and-joint frameworks like those in many bridges.
Maxwell is considered by many physicists to be the 19th-century scientist with the greatest influence on 20th-century physics. His contributions to the science are considered by many to be of the same magnitude as those of Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein. In the end of millennium poll, a survey of the 100 most prominent physicists, Maxwell was voted the third greatest physicist of all time, behind only Newton and Einstein. On the centennial of Maxwell's birthday, Einstein himself described Maxwell's work as the "most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton." Einstein kept a photograph of Maxwell on his study wall, alongside pictures of Michael Faraday and Newton.
Born : 13 June 1831(1831-06-13)Edinburgh, Scotland
Died : 5 November 1879
(1879-11-05) (aged 48)
Cambridge, England
Citizenship : United Kingdom
Nationality : Scottish
Fields : Physics and mathematics
Institutions : Marischal College, Aberdeen
King's College London
University of Cambridge
Alma mater : University of Edinburgh
University of Cambridge
Academic advisors : William Hopkins
Notable students : George Chrystal
Known for : Maxwell's equations
Maxwell distribution
Maxwell's demon
Maxwell's discs
Maxwell speed distribution
Maxwell's theorem
Maxwell material
Generalized Maxwell model
Displacement current
Notable awards : Smith's Prize (1854)
Adams Prize (1857)
Rumford Medal (1860)
5. Leo Szilard
Leo Szilard (Hungarian: Szilard Leo, February 11, 1898 – May 30, 1964) was a Jewish Hungarian physicist who conceived the nuclear chain reaction in 1933, patented the idea of a nuclear reactor with Enrico Fermi, and in late 1939 wrote the letter for Albert Einstein's signature that resulted in the Manhattan Project that built the atomic bomb.
He was born in Budapest in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and died in La Jolla, California.
Born : February 11, 1898(1898-02-11)Budapest, Austria-Hungary
Died : May 30, 1964(1964-05-30) (aged 66)
La Jolla, California, U.S.
Residence : Hungary
Germany
United States
Nationality : Hungarian
German
American
Fields : Physicist
Institutions : Technical University of Berlin
Humboldt University of Berlin
Columbia University
University of Chicago
Brandeis University
Salk Institute
Alma mater : Technische Universität Berlin
Humboldt Universität zu Berlin
Doctoral advisor : Max von Laue
Other academic advisors : Albert Einstein
Notable students : Bernard T. Feld
Known for : Nuclear chain reaction
Szilard petition
Einstein–Szilard letter
Cobalt bomb
Absorption refrigerator
Szilard Engine
Influenced : James L. Tuck
Notable awards : Atoms for Peace Award (1959)
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